Background: Parasitic diseases are one of the health problems in all societies, especially in developing countries. Infection with parasites, especially in children, can be associated with learning disorders, malnutrition, anaemia, and physical disorders. On the other hand, an abnormal increase in the Theta brainwave amplitudemay also be one of the causes of mental slowness and disability in children’ s learning, decentralization, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objectives: In this study, we assessed the possible effects of intestinal parasites on brainwave changes in children in Karaj Health centers. Methods: A stool examination was done to separate healthy and infected children. Then, using a diagnostic interview and electroencephalography, the Theta-wave was recorded in both groups. Results: From 69 children who participated in this study, 8. 7% were infected with one or more intestinal parasites. Around 14. 49% of all children had a high Theta wave, but the interesting point was that 100% of infected children had a high Theta brainwave (P value = 0. 001). In contrast, only 6. 34% of healthy people had high Theta waves. Conclusions: In this study, there was a significant relationship between parasitic infection and brain wave changes. Parasitic diseases may alter brainwaves with unknown mechanisms and affect the ability and activities of the brain.

Background and Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of synchronization of brain waves in alpha, beta, and Theta bands by the Binaural beats on visuospatial working memory. Materials and Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pretestposttest control group design. In this regard, 60 students were selected by the available sampling method and randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group (n=15 each). All subjects were assessed in the pre-test and post-test stages by the Corsi blocks tapping test. Participants in the experimental groups received 15, 9, 5, and 6 Hz binaural beats for 12 min. The collected data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance. Results: The findings showed that 15 Hz binaural beats (beta bands) significantly improved the subject's visuospatial working memory (P<0. 05). Conclusions: Given that working memory is the basis of numerous cognitive functions, using 15 Hz binaural beats could improve the visuospatial working memory in these people.

Introduction: The brain waves pattern in primary insomniacs is different from healthy subjects. Studies have shown that binaural beats can alter the pattern of brain waves in healthy individuals,however, the efficacy of binaural beats in altering the pattern of brain waves in primary insomniacs has not yet been investigated. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of Theta binaural beat on the absolute power of Theta activity in primary insomniacs. Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial with experimental and control groups. The primary insomniacs received Theta binaural beats in the experimental group while the control group received white noise. Their brain waves were recorded by electroencephalogram for 25 min,the first 5 min was without stimulus (first block), the next was followed by 15 min of receiving stimulus (binaural beat or white noise), and the last 5 min without stimulus (fifth block). The Matlab software, version R2019a, EEGLAB toolbox, and SPSS software, version 24 were used to analyze the data. Results: The absolute power of Theta activity in the experimental group was significantly higher in the last block compared to the first block in all brain lobes (P<0. 05). The largest changes in Theta activity were in the temporal and parietal lobes, and the last one was in the prefrontal lobe. In the control group, none of the brain lobes showed significant differences in the last block compared to the first block. Conclusion: Theta binaural beat can alter the absolute power of Theta activity in primary insomniacs. The implications of the study are discussed.

Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of brain waves in paranormal beliefs using EEG in severe and mild groups. Methods: A convenient sample of 64 university students (18 females) were recruited for the experiment. they were divided into groups with severe and mildly paranormal beliefs using the Supernatural Beliefs Scale (Belkmore, 1994). EEG of participants in both groups was recorded at rest. Results: The result of MANOVA showed a significant difference between mild paranormal and paranormal beliefs in Delta (sig = 0. 01) and Theta (sig = 0. 03) waves, and alpha wave (sig = 0. 08) in the meaningful boundary. Conclusion: Based on these findings, it can be said that the pattern of brain waves in paranormal beliefs is different.

The largest class of hyper structures is the Hv-structures, introduced in 1990, which proved to have a lot of applications in mathematics and several applied sciences, as well. Hyper structures are used in the Lie-Santilli theory focusing to the hyper numbers, called e-numbers. We present the appropriate e-hyper structures which are defined using any map, in the sense the derivative map, called ¶-hyper structures.